Thursday, March 15, 2012

Chemical explosion may have caused BP refinery fatality

A U.S. agency said it plans to investigate the Monday death of an employee at BP PLC's Texas City, Texas, refinery, based on new information indicating a chemical explosion may have caused the incident.

The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board said in a press release that BP identified the incident as a potential explosion Thursday, leading it to deploy a team to the site.

Earlier reports had suggested that water pressure was responsible for the incident, which occurred in a filter system associated with an ultracracking unit.

The CSB played a critical role in scrutinizing the company for two years after a fatal explosion in March …

Reindeer needs a name

There's a new addition to Santa's sleigh and children have beenasked to come up with a name.

A competition to find a suitable name for the life-sized woodensculpture of a reindeer is being held.

The nameless reindeer is on show at the Milton Studio in Crathes.

It was carved by local artist Carol Adams and is pulling arestored antique sleigh from Crathes Castle.

"It's the sort of art that appeals to everybody, even people …

Collaborating across the extended pharmaceutical enterprise: How sharing information leads to process enablement

To address the competitive pressures faced by companies developing pharmaceuticals, there is a new imperative across the industry to significantly increase internal and external collaboration capabilities. Aventis, for instance, has more than 200 differences alliances worldwide. As the pace of globalization accelerates, pharmaceutical companies must grapple with the challenges that accompany doing business in countries around the world: Infrastructures are stretched beyond their limits, inefficiencies are amplified in systems and processes, and the simplest tasks like accessing data become cumbersome.

This is further complicated by an increasing reliance on external partners in …

Wednesday, March 14, 2012

French diplomat named to job of UN peacekeeping chief

French diplomat Alain Le Roy is U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's choice to become the newest peacekeeping chief.

Le Roy, who has been helping French President Nicolas Sarkozy's administration bolster its ties with North Africa, was tapped Monday to succeed Jean-Marie Guehenno. Le Roy also has worked as an oil engineer for French energy company Total. He is not expected to start in his new job until late summer.

The decision keeps the high-profile job of U.N. undersecretary-general for peacekeeping operations within France's portfolio. France, which considers its support for peacekeeping and human rights among its top priorities, pays 7 percent of the …

Goldman Sachs analyst lowers Aeropostale rating

A Goldman Sachs analyst lowered her rating on Aeropostale Inc. Friday, saying the apparel retailer's stock will likely start to slow as competitors make headway.

Analyst Michelle Tan said the chain's shares have bested its rivals by 35 percent for the year to date, but that the gap may narrow on easing comparisons and improving inventory.

Tan said Aeropostale's inventory is not as trim as it was during the first …

ND's Roberts gets top Baylor job

WACO, Texas Dave Roberts, offensive coordinator under Lou Holtzat Notre Dame, was hired as Baylor's football coach Thursday.

Roberts, who also was a candidate for jobs at Minnesota andDivision I-AA Western Carolina, worked at Notre Dame for the pastthree years. He declined an offer to remain at the school afterHoltz's recent resignation.

In previous stops as coach at Western Kentucky and NortheastLouisiana, Roberts had a 10-year record of 63-50-3 with five playoffappearances.Roberts, 49, replaces Chuck Reedy, who was fired Nov. 24, oneday after a blowout loss that left the Bears at 4-7, their worstrecord since 1978. Baylor finished …

US workers saw wages and benefits rise in 2010 at second-slowest pace in nearly 3 decades

WASHINGTON (AP) — US workers saw wages and benefits …

Paraguay announces team for South African friendly

Paraguay coach Gerardo Martino selected a squad of mostly local players Thursday to face World Cup host South Africa in a friendly on March 31 in Asuncion.

The squad features only three players with clubs in Europe: Sunderland defender Paulo Da Silva, Wolfsburg midfielder Jonathan Santana and Villarreal midfielder Hernan Perez.

Paraguay is playing in its fourth straight World Cup and was drawn in Group F with defending champion Italy, New Zealand and Slovakia.

Among the players missing who are likely to play in South Africa are Oscar Cardozo of Benfica, Roque Santa Cruz of Manchester City and Nelson Haedo Valdez of Borussia Dortmund. Missing …

Buehrle day-to-day after injury scare

For several minutes Thursday, Ozzie Guillen must have felt likehe received a swift kick in the stomach and his team's season wascoming to a quick end before it really even started.

A second-inning comebacker off the bat of Cleveland Indians firstbaseman Ryan Garko struck White Sox starting pitcher Mark Buehrle onthe left forearm, just below his elbow, leaving him grimacing inpain as he tried to walk it off.

"It just went numb," Buehrle said.

"I didn't know if anything really happened until I looked downand it kind of balled up. My heart kind of stopped because I thoughtit was broken at first.

I've never seen anything like that happen." …

VMware's 4Q profit more than doubles

PALO ALTO, Calif. (AP) — Software maker VMware Inc. said Monday its fourth-quarter earnings more than doubled from a year ago, boosted by a 37 percent increase in revenue.

The results, along with the company's sales forecast for the quarter ending in March, topped Wall Street forecasts.

VMware helps businesses save money on power and equipment by providing software that allows one computer to function as several. It earned $119.9 million, or 28 cents per share, in the last three months of 2010. That's up from $56.4 million, or 14 cents per share, a year earlier.

Stripping out unusual items, VMware said it would have earned 46 cents per share, up from 31 cents. Analysts, …

Tobusch Fishhook Cactus

Tobusch Fishhook Cactus

Ancistrocactus tobuschii

Status Endangered
Listed November 7, 1979
Family Cactaceae (Cactus)
Description Solitary, top-shaped cactus with yellow-green flowers; each spine cluster has a characteristic fish-hook spine.
Habitat Limestone gravel along stream banks.
Threats Residential development, livestock …

Oil prices fall after overnight rise on cold US weather

Oil prices fell Tuesday as traders looked ahead to a report showing U.S. crude stocks rising for the seventh week in a row.

The easing of prices came after cold weather across the U.S. Midwest and Northeast had helped push heating oil prices to fresh records.

But surging demand is expected to result in a decline in distillate stocks, which include heating oil and diesel, in the closely watched weekly U.S. petroleum supply snapshot to be released Wednesday.

The report by the U.S. Energy Department's Energy Information Administration is tipped to say that stocks of distillates fell 2 million barrels for the week ended Feb. 22, according to a Dow Jones Newswires poll of analysts' estimates. Vienna's JBC Energy, in its daily newsletter said the expected drop in distillates is anticipated "despite an expected increase in (U.S.) refinery runs."

The EIA report is also expected to show that crude oil stocks rose last week by 2.6 million barrels, which would be the seventh straight week of gains. Gasoline inventories are tipped to rise by 300,000 barrels.

Light, sweet crude for April delivery dropped 22 cents to US$99.01 a barrel by afternoon in European electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract gained 42 cents to settle at US$99.23 a barrel Monday.

Heating oil futures lost less then a cent to fetch US$2.7820 a gallon (3.8 liters), after settling at a record US$2.7853 a gallon.

In other Nymex trading, gasoline prices slipped more than a cent to US$2.5290 a gallon while natural gas futures rose by more than a cent to US$9.2 per 1,000 cubic feet.

In London, Brent crude futures lost 5 cents to sell for US$97.64 a barrel on the ICE Futures exchange.

The rise in crude futures has also been driven by heightened supply concerns amid a Turkish military incursion into northern Iraq and warnings by Iran against further international sanctions.

Some analysts noted that some investors had invested heavily in crude, betting that prices will continue to rise, and that this was likely to contribute to volatility in the market.

Over the last few trading sessions, threats to oil supplies in producing nations have been balanced by expectations of lower demand due to the slowing U.S. economy. Small developments on both sides of that equation sent the market higher and lower throughout Monday's session.

Man: I killed gambling boss because casinos cheat

Mark Magee walked into the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort last year with a grudge and a gun.

He believed the casino _ like the 10 others in Atlantic City _ cheats gamblers by electronically manipulating the outcome of table games like roulette and craps.

And because of that, he felt, someone needed to die.

Monday morning, Magee admitted in court that he fatally shot Ray Kot, a veteran shift manager at the Taj Mahal, whom he knew from regularly gambling there.

On May 27, 2009, with a .38-caliber revolver in his pocket, loaded with five bullets, Magee bided his time for hours, waiting until Kot walked away from the crowded casino floor.

"I didn't want to hurt anybody else," Magee told a judge Monday.

When Kot walked into a card and dice room, just off the casino floor, Magee followed him, told a security guard to move aside, and fired three shots into Kot's body.

It was the only murder inside an Atlantic City casino in the 32-year history of legalized gambling here.

"My belief is casinos, not just the Taj Mahal but all the casinos in Atlantic City, are cheats," Magee said. "I believe the tables are electronically controlled. I base that on 25 years of experience.

"That is my belief. I stand by that belief," he continued. "I welcome an examination."

His guilty plea to murder calls for the 58-year-old Norristown, Pa., man to serve at least 30 years in prison before becoming eligible for parole. Sentencing is scheduled for Aug. 12.

Kot had been with the Taj Mahal since it opened in 1990.

A Chinese immigrant, he arrived in the U.S. in 1970, alone and unable to speak English at age 18. He worked menial jobs at boardwalk gift shops and in hotel restaurants. He struggled to support himself while setting aside money to someday bring his parents and two sisters to the United States as well.

During his career as a supervisor at the Taj Mahal, Kot was known as a peacemaker _ a gentle, unflappable soul skilled at defusing the difficult and potentially volatile situations that can arise when money, alcohol and stress mix on the gambling floor.

Taj Mahal management said Magee had gambled there for years and had interacted with Kot numerous times, but never in a contentious way. Indeed, Magee told the judge he knew Kot from previous trips to the casino, describing himself as "a regular customer."

Entering the casino that morning, Magee waited until he felt the time was right to attack.

"I followed him all day, stalking him," Magee said. "I was going to kill him."

On hearing those words, Kot's widow, Nancy, convulsed in sobs and doubled over on a hard wooden bench inside the courtroom as family members hugged and tried to console her.

Magee was not finished, however, his words as bloodless as his pallid demeanor.

"I waited a few minutes" as Kot walked away from the table games and into a small room just off the casino floor, he said. "I asked the security guard to move. I just walked in and shot him (Kot) three times. I take full responsibility."

Kot's family was too distraught after the court hearing to speak with reporters. Mark Juliano, CEO of Trump Entertainment Resorts, who sat with them during the session, spoke on behalf of the family.

"The incredibly cold-blooded recitation of the day was shocking," he said. "There really are evil people in the world."

Kot's widow and children "are still struggling with the `why,' as is everyone else," Juliano said. "His explanation is, of course, ludicrous."

In entering his guilty plea, Magee told the judge he had been treated for depression 10 years earlier, but said he was not under the effect of any medication Monday, asserting he was thinking clearly in admitting his guilt.

On Tuesday, a street corner in Atlantic City near the casino will be named "Ray Kot Place" in his honor.

Tuesday, March 13, 2012

2 dead as Hamas, clan battle in Gaza City

A gunbattle raging in a crowded Gaza City neighborhood between Hamas forces and a heavily armed clan left two clan members dead, Hamas officials said Tuesday.

Machine-gun fire and explosions were audible Tuesday morning around the neighborhood home to the Doghmush clan, a notorious family with links to both militant and criminal groups. Members of the clan were responsible for kidnapping a BBC journalist last year.

Tuesday's fighting was the worst violence in Gaza since an early August clash between the ruling Hamas group and another clan tied to its Fatah rivals.

Two Doghmush fighters were killed and at least one policeman seriously wounded, Hamas security officials said. The clan posted an announcement on a Gaza Web site saying several of its members were hurt.

The Hamas officials spoke on condition of anonymity because the clash was ongoing and its details had not been officially cleared for publication.

Police surrounded the Doghmush compound late Monday after a clan member killed a policeman while resisting arrest earlier in the day. Fighting erupted early Tuesday after the clan refused to turn the man over, Hamas officials said.

The battle raged outside the house of a senior Hamas leader, Mahmoud Zahar, who lives in the same neighborhood.

Morel hunters mushroom in Walloon Lake

WALLOON LAKE, Mich. "Invasion of the Fungus Snatchers" is not one ofthis season's crop of horror movies. It's a real-life event thattakes place each spring in a patch of Michigan's Lower Peninsula.

The invaders are more politely known as morel hunters, andtheir prey is the succulent morels and other wild mushrooms that growin the hardwood forests.

Chandler Township is prime morel-hunting territory for fungusfans, who search under dead elms, near rotted tree stumps and othercreepy places for these fibrous clumps.

"They've got a nutty, wild kind of taste," says JoeBreidenstein, owner of Springbrook Hills Resort in Walloon Lake, homebase for the popular "Morels & More" weekends scheduled April 17-19through May 15-17.

A weekend package with two nights of lodging, priced at $139per person, also nets morel hunters meals and guided tours into thewoods led by morel-meister Lanny "Tree" Lonik, author of The CuriousMorel.

Lonik also offers free instruction and advice on how to findand choose the right kind of wild mushrooms. This is very important,because the wrong kind of mushroom can be deadly.

"People find all kind of goofy looking things in the woods,"says Breidenstein. "Larry's very knowledgeable about morels, withmore than 30 years' experience. But our rule of thumb is: If youdon't know what it is, and we don't know what it is, we don't eatit."

The harvest is brought back to the resort for a Saturday-nightfeast featuring grilled pork steak with morel-tinged trimmings, morelquiche and rice with morels.

Visitors from as far away as New York and California descendon northern Michigan each spring to search for these elusive treats.

"Come April, old logging roads leading into the woods andpreserves of Chandler Township will be jammed with buses, vans, motorhomes and pick-ups," Breidenstein says.

That's why Springbrook Hills Resort offers another twist tomorel mania: mushroom hunting on horseback. The midweek equestrianpackages with two nights at the resort include all weekend activitiesplus livery, for $239 per person. To add a Monday of morel huntingon horseback to a weekend package, tack $120 onto the regular weekendfee of $139.

"Some people think it's strange, looking for morels atop ahorse when they're so hard to find even if you're walking on theground," Breidenstein says. "But you're further removed from thedead leaves and dirt, so there's a better angle to see a morel'sprofile. And you can travel three to four miles into the woods injust 10 minutes, beating the crowds."

This year's morel crop looks like a good one, according toBreidenstein. Sufficient moisture and mild winter temperatures havecombined to make conditions ripe for a bumper crop. "If we get someconstant 50-degree temperatures, morels will be popping upeverywhere," he says.

But be careful out there. Lurking under Michigan soil is ajust-discovered humongous fungus: a single wild mushroom spanning 37acres and weighing at least 220,000 pounds. Found near CrystalFalls, at the Michigan-Wisconsin state line, it is being called thelargest living organism ever found on Earth. Scientists say the1,500 year-old fungus has been known to "eat" trees. Who knows ifmorel hunters might be next? Specifically

For information on "Morels & More" programs at Springbrook HillsResort, call (616) 535-2227. Walloon Lake is about eight miles southof Petoskey.

EU discusses ways to tackle toxic assets

European Union finance ministers Tuesday weighed ways to tackle the shaky assets on banks' balance sheets that have dried up lending and aggravated the recession.

The options include setting up a "bad bank" to buy assets dragging down banks' finances, or a government guarantee to cover massive potential losses, officials said.

Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker, who led talks Monday of the 16 euro zone finance ministers, said all 27 EU members would probably choose "a range of tools" enabling each country to pick the one they like best for its banking sector.

The U.S. is also planning to buy some of its banks' bad assets, building on last month's move to cover $118 million of Bank of America's toxic investments. Banks gorged on securities backed by risky U.S. mortgages, only to now find that the market for such assets has dried up.

Getting them off banks' hands would theoretically free up lending and restore the banking sector to some kind of normality because they would not have to hold back funds to cover massive potential losses.

French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel wrote a joint letter Monday to say restoring credit to the economy should be the top priority for the EU _ and dealing with problem assets would help restore confidence in the banking sector.

Alistair Darling, the British chancellor of the Exchequer, told reporters on arrival at the finance ministers meeting it was key for governments to jointly "do everything we can to get lending going again."

EU leaders are planning to meet this month to coordinate a patchwork of national stimulus programs that has led to complaints that some governments are moving to protect their industries from rivals.

Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt said Monday he feared some aid might trigger protectionism. Last week, the Czech Republic criticized Sarkozy for suggesting a French-owned auto factory in the Czech Republic should be making cars in France.

EU regulators have warned France about insisting car makers only receive government help if they buy French car parts or invest in France _ a French effort to reverse a trend where car manufacturing jobs have shifted to lower-wage eastern European nations.

"People are right to be concerned about any form of protectionism," Darling said, urging a new effort in the stalled Doha round of world trade talks. "I hope President Obama will be able to give that an added impetus. We cannot have protectionism. We cannot have barriers to trade."

The letter from Sarkozy and Merkel also called on the EU to talk about when they should start reducing public debt. Many euro nations are slipping from budget surpluses into shortfalls as the economy contracts, depressing tax revenues and hiking welfare payments.

On Monday, Juncker cautioned that government spending to restore the flow of credit to the economy "could have a very serious impact on public finances."

"The right sort of treatment of toxic assets can help create stability," he told reporters after talks between euro zone finance ministers on Monday.

The EU's top economy official, Joaquin Almunia, said he wanted to see shareholders share some of the burden of bad assets and transparent methods to value the investments.

___

Associated Press writer Robert Wielaard contributed to this story.

Aztecs get a glimpse at coach's earlier life

TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) — Riding back from the Mountain West Conference tournament last week, San Diego State's players learned coach Steve Fisher had a copy of the new documentary about Michigan's famous Fab Five recruiting class.

Most of them didn't know much about the team Fisher coached to consecutive national title games, so they asked him to pop it in on the bus trip home.

"They enjoyed it," Fisher said Wednesday. "I do think that they heard a lot about it, but most of them weren't born when the Fab Five were playing. But they still had fun with it. They ribbed both myself and (assistant coach) Brian Dutcher about how we looked then and how we look now, and all that stuff. So it was fun."

The 1991 freshman class of Chris Webber, Jalen Rose, Juwan Howard, Ray Jackson and Jimmy King was one of the most heralded in college basketball history and had a good run in Ann Arbor.

The fivesome's legacy, though, was overshadowed by scandal after prosecutors said now-deceased booster Ed Martin gave Webber, Maurice Taylor, Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock more than $600,000 while they were student-athletes.

The film, produced by Rose and aired on ESPN, looked at what happened to the Fab Five both on and off the court.

Fisher said he got a copy of the movie last week before playing in the MWC tournament and had no problem with it.

"I smiled. It brought back a lot of memories," Fisher said Thursday. "I enjoyed it. I thought it was a good portrayal of who they were, what happened."

As for his players, it was a nice insight into the life Fisher had before arriving in San Diego.

"Before the movie, I didn't know too much about the Fab Five," San Diego State's Kawhi Leonard said. "I just knew they were all freshmen and they went far in a tournament. But after seeing the movie, I learned a lot about them and Coach Fisher, and it's inspirational for us on the team."

___

BIG EAST BLUSTER: Yes, you go through a lot when you play in the Big East.

Does it translate to success in the NCAA tournament?

Louisville coach Rick Pitino isn't so sure.

"It's not as significant as you may think," he said.

Over the last four seasons, the Big East has gone 43-29 during March Madness and placed four teams in the Final Four.

This year, the conference placed a record 11 teams in the tournament, a sign as much about the conference's strength as its size. It means there's a pretty good chance that any Big East team will have seen at least some version of its NCAA opponent at some point during conference play.

"The team we're playing reminds me of a hybrid of Villanova and Marquette," Pitino said of the second-round matchup against Morehead State.

The Cardinals lost to Connecticut in the final of the Big East tournament Saturday. UConn played five games in five days. Louisville, because it was seeded higher, only had to play three times, but all games were late starts. That kind of grueling schedule is proof, Pitino said, that playing deep into the conference tournament isn't necessarily a benefit.

"Wouldn't surprise me to see everybody advance, wouldn't surprise me to see three or four teams lose," Pitino said. "I hope we're not one of them."

___

GENIUS AT WORK: Bucknell senior guard G.W. Boon is a long shot to make it in the NBA, but work as a biomedical engineer should provide him with a comfortable living after his college days are over.

Boon spent last summer doing research with Geisinger Medical Center to design a special pacifier that can be used to extract DNA from babies.

His focus this week, however, is to milk a couple more games out of a career in which he has averaged 20 minutes and 7.5 points.

Boon and Bucknell open against Big East champion Connecticut, no small task for the Patriot League winners.

"It's a very big challenge for us, definitely," Boon said. "They had a great run in their conference tournament, and congratulations to them for that. But it's just another tournament. We had a great run as well."

___

YOUNG PITINO: Florida coach Billy Donovan said Gators assistant Richard Pitino is among the candidates to become the head coach at Florida Gulf Coast.

"They've contacted him," Donovan said, on the eve of Florida's opening game in the NCAA Tournament in Tampa. "I think they have definite interest in him. In my conversation with their AD it's probably at a point right now where they are probably going to go through a process of looking at three or four different people, and I think Richard is in that mix.

The 28-year-old Pitino, son of Louisville coach Rick Pitino, is the same age Donovan was when he got his first head coaching job at Marshall.

"I think he's definitely interested in the job," Donovan said. "I think he's excited about the potential in the program, being relatively new, the school relatively new. ... I think he just wants to find out more."

___

JIMMER JUNIOR: Northern Colorado's Devon Beitzel says he's flattered but doesn't take comparisons he's gotten to BYU's scoring phenomenon Jimmer Fredette seriously.

"Whenever you get compared to a player like Jimmer, it's a compliment," Beitzel said in Tucson, where Northern Colorado plays San Diego State in the NCAA tournament Thursday. "But there's no one in the country that can do what he does. I mean, I've never seen anyone score 52 points in a game and only have one point come from a free throw. That's unbelievable."

The Big Sky MVP said he'll take the compliments, "but, I mean, I'm definitely not at that level."

Then a reporter asked if he'd watched what Jimmer did against San Diego State and learned anything.

"Well, I've been working on my one-dribble across half (court) 3-pointer," he joked.

___

KAWHI'S HANDS: San Diego State's Kawhi Leonard is one of the nation's best rebounders and a multitalented forward who can take opponents off the dribble.

One reason is his hands.

Leonard was asked to show his hands during the Aztecs' media session on Thursday and flashed his giant mitts, which he says are 10 inches long and seem to snare anything near him.

"It helps him. He can get a hand on the ball and get rebounds that your average human being can't get without getting too up there," said Northern Colorado coach B.J. Hill, preparing to play San Diego State on Thursday. "He can use his athleticism and get one hand on a ball and retain it when most guys have to get two."

Leonard also was asked whether he has trouble buying gloves.

"I'm not sure because I don't buy gloves," he said. "I stopped playing football a while ago, but I think it probably be trouble finding gloves."

___

NOTES: In honor of Butler getting to the national title game as a No. 5 seed last season, Utah Jazz rookie Gordon Hayward says he will buy 5,555 fans $5 footlongs from Subway if any of the fifth seeds — Kansas State, Vanderbilt, Arizona or West Virginia — wins the national championship. ... Northern Colorado has won seven straight games heading into Thursday's game against San Diego State. ... Wisconsin and Penn State, which played the lowest scoring game in Big Ten tournament history, are both in Tucson. Penn State, which won 36-33, faces Temple in the West Regional, while Wisconsin plays Belmont in the Southeast Regional.

FLARING AND CARBON TAXES, HIGHER ROYALTIES: B.C. needs "greener" regulation of oil and gas industry

For several years, British Columbia has been hooked on revenues from the fossil fuel industry. Skyrocketing royalty payments to the province from companies pulling oil and natural gas out of B.C.'s energy-rich northeast corner now outstrip income from forestry. Over the past 10 years, production of natural gas in B.C. has increased by more than 40 per cent, and the number of wells has more than tripled.

Such dependence, however, is about to be put to the test. After years of inattention to-indeed, outright dismissal of-climate change, the Campbell Liberal government has announced that B.C.'s greenhouse gas emissions will be cut by one-third by 2020.

This new focus on climate change is certainly welcome. But meeting the 2020 goal will be a lot harder, thanks to the provincial government's active promotion of increased oil and gas extraction. This year's provincial budget, for example, projected that, between 2006 and 2010, subsidies to oil and gas companies could exceed $1.05 billion.

Such subsidies accelerate the drilling of oil and gas wells by reducing the royalties that energy companies pay, and they are troubling for many reasons. They encourage unnecessary depletion of a finite resource while upping greenhouse gas emissions. They deny our children's generation the benefit of future revenue streams. And, finally, they throw into sharp relief the inherent contradiction in the government's green agenda. On the one hand, it aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, it undercharges an industry responsible for a big share of those emissions.

Happily, the province recently said that one particular energy industry practice responsible for a shocking volume of greenhouse gas emissions must stop. That practice is flaring, whereby companies burn off usable gas rather than direct it into pipelines.

Flaring occurs for many reasons, commonly when gas is produced at oil wells but not in enough volume to warrant investment in a gas pipeline. In the last 10 years alone, gas flaring, leaks, and waste in northeastern B.C. have been responsible for a staggering 13.5% of the province's total greenhouse gas emissions. This is untenable and must be stopped.

But ending flaring won't be enough. Far more must be done to curb emissions in B.C.'s fossil-fuel-rich northeast region.

A lasting irony in B.C. is that a lively debate has been held over what constitutes sustainable logging of provincial forests, yet no equivalent with fossil fuel resources-which, unlike trees, are non-renewable. Based on current exploitation rates and reliable estimates of remaining natural gas, northeastern B.C.'s supplies would last just 33 years. A doubling of industry activity-something the province promoted just a few years ago-would deplete reserves in half that time.

So what would it take to regulate the oil and gas sector as if the environment mattered, and in a way that brings long-term security to B.C.'s northeast?

There is an obvious starting point. In recent years, nearly 15% of all the natural gas pulled from the ground in northeastern B.C. was wasted, much of it flared. Had it been captured instead and sold, overall exploitation rates could have been correspondingly reduced, with obvious environmental benefits and no loss to communities, the industry, or government.

Why not do this and make further urgently needed reforms? For example, eliminate unnecessary industry subsidies and overhaul B.C.'s gas royalty regime, beginning with a requirement that companies pay royalties on all flared or otherwise wasted gas. Higher royalty rates should also be instituted. Significantly, a study just released by the Alberta government says much the same thing, noting how that province has undercharged companies exploiting its fossil fuel resources.

Channeling a portion of increased royalties into a dedicated B.C. fund modelled on Alberta's Heritage Fund and then investing that money in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions would also move B.C. further in the right direction.

Beyond that, a carbon tax (with offsetting measures for low-income British Columbians) is necessary to speed the transition to carboncapturing technologies. In Norway, such taxes are already in place. An energy company there has chosen to avoid the tax by stripping large amounts of CO2 from natural gas and pumping it deep underneath the North Sea seabed, with the result that less greenhouse gas enters the atmosphere.

Curbing rates of exploitation, using taxes to encourage the right behaviour, charging a fair dollar for finite resources-others have done it. It's time B.C. did the same.

[Sidebar]

"Let's channel a portion of increased royalties into a dedicated B.C. fund modelled on Alberta's Heritage Fund and then invest that money in efforts to reduce the province's greenhouse gas emissions."

[Author Affiliation]

(Ben Parfitt is a CCPA-B.C. resource policy analyst and author of a longer study on which this article is based. Titled Foot Off the Gas: Regulating B.C.'s Oil and Gas Industry as if the Environment Mattered, the full text can be accessed on the CCPA's website.)

General secretary reflects on last six years

The following are excerpts from an address by outgoing MC Canada general secretary Dan Nighswander on the second day of the bi-national assembly in Charlotte, N.C.

On June 18, the Globe and Mail started a series of articles on things Canadians do well. The first skill they discussed was separating conjoined twins. Apparently, Canada is the country of preference for people from around the world for this kind of surgery.

Friends, this is no surprise to us. We at Mennonite Church Canada know a lot about separating conjoined twins. That's what we've been doing for the last six years. And I think we've developed considerable skill at it.

Six years ago this month, I was introduced as the person who would succeed Helmut Harder as general secretary of the Canadian Church. This is now the last assembly where I will have the opportunity to address you as general secretary. So today I want to review some of the developments in MC Canada during the last six years. And I want to name some of my hopes and dreams for the future.

Over the years, we have passed resolutions in support of health care agencies and workers, and resolutions in support of agriculture-in fact, we added a day of discussion to the assembly three years ago to talk about issues of food production and land use under the title "Making peace with the land." We passed a resolution of concern about anti-Semitic acts of violence.

But there have been many issues that we have not even begun to discuss, issues that, because we are the church, we cannot avoid discussing and acting upon. There is a proposal before us this week for the mandating of a committee to lead us in the work that we must do in discerning matters of theology, ethics, polity and practice. I have high hopes and enthusiasm for the possibilities that are inherent in the proposed Faith and Life Committee.

We all know that a set of questions around homosexuality and same-sex marriage have engaged us both as citizens of Canada and as citizens of the Kingdom of God. Some of the issues are pastoral; some are theological; some are prior questions about how we discern God's voice, the relationship between Scripture and tradition and experience in giving guidance to issues of faith and life.

In almost all the assemblies since 1995 we have talked about the Canadian Mennonite-first, whether to use it as our national church paper; then how to share the costs; then how well it serves us.

In the past six years, Canadian Mennonite University has evolved faster and further than anyone publicly predicted it would. The governance pattern has changed entirely; the program is expanding; and this week we will consider whether to transfer ownership of the property to the university.

In the transformation of MC, GC and CMC into MC Canada and MC USA, perhaps the most contentious issue was defining membership. A great deal of energy was invested in that, and the task is not yet finished. One of the things we will talk about this week is our understanding of membership, and I think we have a chance to make significant progress together on this.

One of my hopes for us is that we will learn to think with our minds and feel with our hearts the precious gift of belonging to each other, not as a matter of control or obligation or suspicion, but as a wonderful privilege. I look forward to the day when we will embrace each other across Canada and leave room in our embrace for others to join us in our communities of grace, joy and peace, and through which God's healing and hope flow to the world. I look forward to the day when we can express and experience the fullness of the joy of being in communion with each other, of relishing the privilege of belonging to each other under Christ our head.

It has been for me a great disappointment that the Northwest Conference chose not to join MC Canada. One of my hopes and dreams is that one day the NWC would re-join MC Canada. I still believe God might open up a way for that relationship to be healed and full reconciliation to take place.

Back to the conjoined twins, now fully separated: the procedure of the surgery and re-construction is interesting, even fascinating, for some of us. But far more important is the quality of life that the separated twins experience. After six years I can say with confidence that the surgery has been a success. In spite of setbacks, unexpected developments and continuing challenges, the separated twins have not only survived, they are thriving. And what's far more important, they are growing, as Jesus did, "in wisdom and in stature and in favour with God and humanity."

I look back on the past six years with considerable satisfaction and with surprised gratitude that I was able to be part of all that has taken place. I recognize my mistakes and shortcomings, and Fm grateful for the wise and skilled persons who have compensated for them. I have been blessed with an excellent staff and a wise board. May God continue to bless them all.

The vision and enthusiasm of youth and young adults, the passion of newer ethnic groups who are part of us, the stable and strong faithfulness of mature people are all signs of the possibilities that lie before us.

I have great hopes for MC Canada. I hold those hopes not because of what I think we can do, but because I believe in what God can do. As Michele Hershberger said in the sermon last evening, I too believe God is healing our brokenness and is making us into the church that God wants us to be. I believe that God is working in and through, and also sometimes in spite of, us. God is faithful; God will bring to completion the work that God has begun. God is faithful. God is.

-Dan Nighswander

Attacks Kill 44 in Iraq As Ramadan Ends

BAGHDAD, Iraq - Militants targeted police recruits and shoppers rounding up last-minute sweets and delicacies Sunday for a feast to mark the end of the Ramadan holy month, the highlight of the Muslim year. At least 44 Iraqis were reported killed across the country.

The U.S. military announced the deaths of a Marine and four soldiers, raising to 83 the number of American servicemembers killed in October - the highest monthly toll this year. The pace of U.S. deaths could make October the deadliest month in two years.

Three soldiers were killed Sunday, two by small arms fire west of the capital and one by a roadside bomb in eastern Baghdad, the military said. On Saturday, a Marine was killed during combat in restive Anbar province and another soldier died in fighting in Salahuddin province.

"There will be no holiday in Iraq," said Abu Marwa, a 46-year-old Sunni Muslim father of three who owns a mobile phone shop in the capital. "Anyone who says otherwise is a liar."

In Sunday's bloodiest attack, gunmen in five sedans ambushed a convoy of buses carrying police recruits near the city of Baqouba 35 miles northeast of Baghdad, killing at least 15 and wounding 25 others, said provincial police chief Maj. Gen. Ghassan al-Bawi. The recruits were returning home after an induction ceremony at a police base south of Baqouba.

A series of bombs also ripped through a Baghdad market and bakery packed with holiday shoppers, killing at least nine people and injuring dozens, police said. The attack came a day after a massive bicycle-bomb and mortar attack on an outdoor market killed 19 and wounded scores in Mahmoudiyah, just south of the capital.

The Iraqi Islamic Party issued a statement blaming Shiite militiamen for the attack in Mahmoudiyah, 20 miles south of Baghdad. The Sunni organization claimed Shiite militiamen had killed 1,000 residents in the town since the start of the year.

The Bush administration has been wrestling to find new tactics to contain the bloodshed ahead of the U.S. midterm elections as lawmakers from both parties expressed wavering confidence in Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's ability to come to grips with the rising bloodshed.

Sen. Richard Lugar, R-Ind., chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said Sunday that pressuring al-Maliki may not work because he does not have much clout.

"We keep saying, 'Go to your Shiites and get them straightened out, or the Sunnis, or divide the oil.' And al-Maliki is saying, 'There isn't any group here that wants to talk about those things,'" Lugar said.

Bush stood firm in his support for al-Maliki, saying he "has got what it takes to lead a unity government." But the president noted the urgency the new government faces to stop the killing.

"I'm patient. I'm not patient forever, and I'm not patient with dawdling," Bush said. "But I recognize the degree of difficulty of the task, and therefore, say to the American people, we won't cut and run."

The outcome of a White House meeting Saturday among Bush and his top security and military officials could become clearer early next week when Zalmay Khalilzad, the U.S. ambassador to Iraq, and Gen. George Casey, the top U.S. commander in Iraq, are scheduled to conduct an unusual joint news conference in Baghdad.

The Bush administration took issue with a report in The New York Times on Sunday that said Casey and Khalilzad were working on a plan that would outline milestones for disarming militias and meeting other political and economic goals.

The report said the blueprint, to be presented to al-Maliki by the end of this year, would not threaten Iraq with a withdrawal of U.S. troops. The White House said the article was not accurate, and the administration was constantly developing new tactics to help the Iraqi government sustain and defend itself and govern.

Also Sunday, U.S. State Department official Alberto Fernandez apologized for saying U.S. policy in Iraq displayed "arrogance" and "stupidity" in an interview broadcast by Arab satellite channel Al-Jazeera.

"Upon reading the transcript of my appearance on Al-Jazeera, I realized that I seriously misspoke by using the phrase 'there has been arrogance and stupidity' by the U.S. in Iraq," said Fernandez, director of public diplomacy in State's Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. "This represents neither my views nor those of the State Department," Fernandez added in a statement. "I apologize."

Fernandez spoke in fluent Arabic in the interview, which Al-Jazeera said was taped in Washington on Friday. His remarks were translated into English by The Associated Press.

In all Sunday, at least 44 Iraqis were killed or their bodies were founded dumped along roads or in the Tigris River. While the number was not high by the grim standards of the more than 3 1/2-year war, the timing and targets revealed a brutal disregard for the sanctity and meaning of the Eid al-Fitr holiday, which is to Muslims what Christmas is to Christians.

After fasting from dawn to dusk for a month to become closer to God, the holiday is a time when families and friends gather for sumptuous meals and children are given new clothes and toys. Muslims also traditionally visit the graves of loved ones.

"I don't think my family will go out and visit relatives this holiday," said Hasnah Kadhim, a 54-year-old Shiite homemaker and mother of four. "There are too many explosions."

Symbolic, perhaps, of Iraq's deepening sectarian split, only Sunnis are celebrating the start of the Eid holiday on Monday. The country's majority Shiites begin the three-day festival Tuesday or Wednesday, depending on which senior cleric they follow.

"Things are getting worse every day in Baghdad," said Abu Marwa, the Baghdad storekeeper. "So, it's logical that today will be better than tomorrow. That's why I have no plans for the holiday."

Sunday's killings raised to at least 950 the number of Iraqis who have died in war-related violence this month, an average of more than 40 a day. The toll is on course to make October the deadliest month for Iraqis since April 2005, when the AP began tracking the deaths.

Until this month, the daily average had been about 27. The AP count includes civilians, government officials and police and security forces, and is considered a minimum based on AP reporting. The actual number is likely higher, as many killings go unreported.

The United Nations has said at least 100 Iraqis are now killed daily.

`Chunnel' fire a reminder of UK's ties to Europe

Above ground, the fire would have been minor. Breaking out deep below the English Channel, it has stranded thousands of travelers, imperiled millions of dollars in trade and starkly demonstrated the importance _ and fragility _ of Britain's only land link to Europe.

The Channel Tunnel remained closed Friday after a fire that started on a truck being carried on a train to France. Firefighters battled through the night trying to quell a blaze that caused temperatures to soar above 1,800 degrees in the tube 130 feet beneath the sea bed.

"This is going to cost the industry millions," said Kate Gibbs at the Road Haulage Association, a trade group for British transport companies.

As she spoke, hundreds of trucks loaded with everything from fruit to furniture sat along a stretch of highway that has become a virtual parking lot on the English side of the tunnel.

At London's St. Pancras station, passengers expecting to be whisked to Paris in a little over two hours were being told no trains would run until Saturday at the earliest. Almost 30,000 people had been due to take Eurostar trains between London, Paris and Brussels on Friday.

"It was going to be the journey of a lifetime, a dream holiday," said Richard Corbett, who had planned a 70th birthday trip to the French capital with his wife. "We came to go through the tunnel. It looks like it's going to be scrapped now."

A marvel of engineering, the "Chunnel" is actually three _ two one-way rail tunnels with a smaller service tunnel running between them. The fire was in the England-to-France section, and operator Eurotunnel said it hoped to reopen the undamaged France-to-England tunnel as soon as Friday night.

However, Eurostar, which operates the passenger trains that use the tunnel, said it did not know when its service would resume. It advised people with tickets for Saturday and Sunday to make other travel plans.

The tunnel has had a few fires in the past, including one in 1996 that disrupted freight traffic for months.

A tunnel linking France and England was a dream of Napoleon's _ and a nightmare for many Britons, who for centuries have regarded the 20-mile-wide English Channel as a bulwark against conquest, rabies and other Continental ills.

The project finally gained official British approval in the 1970s but tunneling did not begin until 1988, under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher _ a committed skeptic of closer integration with Europe but also a champion of business and free trade.

British and French teams, tunneling from each end, met in the middle in 1990. The completed tunnel opened in 1994 and was hailed by Queen Elizabeth II as a mix of "French elan and British pragmatism."

It has not always been a business success, though.

Passenger numbers have fallen far short of the predicted 20 million a year, and Eurotunnel was heavily burdened by debt before reaching a restructuring deal last year. Ferries and budget airlines have retained a large chunk of cross-Channel passenger and freight business.

Nonetheless, the 30-mile undersea link has transformed travel between Britain and the Continent. Before the tunnel, a trip from London to Paris required an expensive plane ticket or a lengthy ferry crossing. Since the opening of the final stretch of high-speed rail line along the route last year, the train journey to Paris takes just 2 hours and 15 minutes, the trip to Brussels less than 2 hours.

Almost 8.3 million people used Eurostar trains last year _ tourists on weekend breaks, business executives attending meetings, even cross-border commuters who live in one country and work in another.

Felix Marquardt, a Paris-based public affairs consultant, used to commute by train twice a week to his London office.

"There were times when I felt like I was take the Tube," he said, referring to London's subway system. "There were people in my office in London who were driving 2 1/2 hours each way from the office. I was taking the train from Paris and it was taking me 3 hours to get to work. I felt sorry for people in Britain."

The tunnel has also been a boon to Anglo-French commerce.

Trade between Britain and France has tripled over the past 20 years, rising steeply since the tunnel was completed. France is Britain's third-largest export market, after the United States and Germany, and its third largest source of imports.

Last year 1.4 million trucks traveled through the tunnel on shuttle trains, carrying 20 million tons of freight _ from chemicals, machinery and transport equipment to wine and beer.

Hundreds of trucks that had planned to use the tunnel sat along a stretch of highway near its English entrance Friday. Police said they faced waits of six to eight hours before they could get on ferries at Dover.

"The knock-on effect is going to be tremendous," said Gibbs at the haulage association.

Monday, March 12, 2012

RECUPERACIÓN DE LA IMAGEN MATERNA A LA LUZ DE ELEMENTOS FANTÁSTICOS EN PEDRO PÁRAMO

La literatura fant�stica abre un espacio interpretative en el cual se borran las distinciones entre lo real y lo irreal y se alteran las percepciones de las dimensiones espacio-temporales, plante�ndose asi un comentario existencial acerca de la naturaleza misma de la realidad circundante. Vista con este lente deformante, la historia se relativiza y se manifiesta como un eterno retorno, cre�ndose la sensaci�n de una realidad maravillosa fuera del tiempo sucesivo.1 La novela de Juan Rulfo, Pedro P�ramo (1955) ha sido considerada generalmente como m�gico-realista aunque algunos criticos han delineado su parentesco con lo real maravilloso mientras otros la han calificado de fant�stica.2 Este ensayo no pretende clasificar esta novela como fant�stica, sino destacar los elementos fant�sticos que permean el relato de Juan Preciado y posibilitan su recuperaci�n progresiva de la imagen materna. Se corrobora que al reconstruir el pasado de su madre, Juan vislumbra multiples posibilidades acerca de su origen que Io hacen dudar de la identidad de su progenitor y llevada esta vacilacion a un piano simbolico, el texto rulfiano nos remite al pol�mico debate sobre la identidad del mexicano.

Varios criticos han considerado Pedro Paramo como un texto fant�stico, entre elles, Seymour Menton, quien afirma: "pese a la fuerte base realista de Pedro Paramo, el hecho de que los rauertos hablen y actuen coloca a la novela dentro de la literatura fant�stica" (206). Asimismo, Juan Villoro reconoce a Juan Rulfo como a un autor de literatura fant�stica, bas�ndose en la nocion de limite, al borde del mundo exterior y de sutiles transgresiones como en la impr�cision de formas y de voces que surgen de una percepcion indirecta y diferida. Segun Villoro, las multiples voces narrativas viven la hora reiterada del mito, creando un presente eterno que representa de por si un hecho fant�stico; segun el estudioso, el proceso de extranamiento, esencial a la invencion fant�stica se cumple en Pedro Paramo y se percibe de manera sutil ya que el protagonista enfrenta "seres reaies cuya unica peculiaridad consiste en haber muerto o, para ser mas pr�cises, en haber muerto sin llegar al mas all�"(80).3 Este planteamiento concuerda con el de Auguste Monterroso que consid�ra que no debemos negarles a los fantasmas de Rulfo una condicion de personajes fant�sticos porque son "fantasmas de verdad" que no nos provoquen miedo (Villoro 79). No obstante taies observaciones acerca de la pertinencia de un enfoque fant�stico a pesar del ambiente fantasmai, cabe precisar que Comala no esta poblada unicamente de fantasmas sino de seres vivos tambi�n como se tratar� de demostrar a continuacion (varies estudiosos apuntaron a que Comala fuera poblada de vivos y muertos, entre otros, Rafa�l Hern�ndez Rodriguez que trae a colacion las conclusiones de Fabianne Bradu al respecto [623]). Esta convivencia entre vivos y muertos g�nera un desajuste en la percepcion de los nivel�s de realtdad de las entidades ontologicas, es decir, de los multiples mundos ficcionales yuxtapuestos en el texto, Io cual incrementa la incertidumbre del lector. Por tales razones, la complejidad de esta obra sigue desafiando a la critica por su riqueza interpretativa que se abre constantemente a nuevos acercamientos. Las dudas que acechan al personaje y al lector que recorre la novela se prestan a una lectura fant�stica ya que Tzvetan Todorov define lo fant�stico como la vacilacion del lector entre la percepcion de lo real y de lo extrano o sobrenatural (29). Aunque mi argumente en cuanto atane la irrupci�n de le fant�stico se basa en las propuestas de Todorov, me valdr� en este an�lisis de las premisas mas amplias de otros estudiosos como Rosemary Jackson en particular para interpretar el significado alegorico que esta dimension ontol�gica implica, especialmente en cuanto a la transgresi�n y el rocc de los varies mundos yuxtapuestos en el texto rulfiano.

El retorno de Juan Preciado a Comala, su pueblo natal, suele interpretarsc como una busqueda de identidad y un regreso al origen para conocer a su padre legitimo, Pedro P�ramo y ajustar cuentas con �l. El prop�sito de este trabajo es demostrar que el periplo de Juan Preciado conlleva una recuperaci�n simbolica de la imagen tanto real como figurada de su madr� que culmina con una union profunda con ella en lugar de una resolution satisfactoria acerca,de su linaje paterno. Me propongo resaltar la indole fant�stica del relato de Juan Preciado mientras se analiza su encuentro con figuras femeninas que funcionan como dobles de su progenitora que le permiten rellenar metaf�ricamente los agujeros de la fotografia materna que el narrador-personaje !leva consigo. La importancia del retrato como clave unificadora de los elementos fant�sticos y del desdoblamiento no se ha analizado todavia y la fotografia con sus puntos misteriosos llega a representar una met�fora del texto entero que nos ofrece una representation de la realidad llena de zonas elusivas. Este enfoque resalta que al finalizar su viaje, Juan Preciado se queda con la incognita en cuanto a su verdadera identidad ya que no solo no va a encontrarse con su verdadero padre sino que la alta carga de ambigiiedad del rmmdo que va descubriendo le impide estai seguro de su procedencia. A partir de este acercamiento fragmentado a sus origenes y al autoconocimiento, se puede extrapolar que el texto constituye un comentario existencial sobre la busqueda continua de la identidad del mexicano.

Debido a la naturaleza fragmentaria de Pedro Paramo y a la multiplicidad de voces narrativas y de puntos de vista, el texto carece de centre que represente un eje a partir del cual se perfilen de modo simetrico los dem�s argumentos. Destaca asimismo la ausencia de un autor o narrador omnisciente que hilvane y estructure el texto. Este multiperspectivismo contribuye a crear una attnosfera irreal y caotica ya que tiene como resultado que se esfumen las dimensiones espaciotemporales. La novela empieza con la voz de Juan Preciado que narra los pormenores de su viaje a Comala por encargo de su madre fallecida Dolores Preciado que estuvo casada con el cacique del pueblo, Pedro P�ramo. Apart� de cumplir la promesa que hizo a su madre moribunda de volver a su tierra natal, el narrador abarca la ilusion de conocer al padre que los abandono. Al llegar a Comala, se encuentra con un pueblo poblado mayormente por seres fantasmales y esta realidad se yuxtapone en su mente a manera de contrapunto a la voz de su madre que le trae la vision idealizada por el recuerdo de una Comala f�rtil llena de vida. Cuando Juan Preciado se muere atemorizado, lo entierra una mujer del pueblo, Dorotea, que no tarda en alcanzarlo y a quien narra su historia que nos remite a las primeras lineas de la novela. Es tan solo a partir de su muerte que ocurre a mediados del texto, que el lector se da cuenta de haber estado escuchando una voz de ultra tumba. En este momento, la voz de Juan Preciado se apaga para dejar espacio a los murmullos y ecos de los muertos que se encargan de retrazar su vida anterior al mismo tiempo que se impone la presencia de un narrador omnisciente en tercera persona que narra episodios aislados de la vida de Pedro P�ramo. De hecho, se multiplican los fragmentas relatives a la vida del cacique mientras se ofrece una description objetiva de la Comala real. Se descubre la tirania del cacique que explota un pueblo cada dia mas desdichado (la miseria del pueblo y los pecados de los muertos cuyas aimas penan olvidadas por los vivos). En este viaje hecho en memoria de su madre, Juan Preciado recupera detalles ocultados ? desconocidos por ella y termina a la hora de la muerte reconciliandose consigo mismo. A trav�s de varias figuras femeninas que representan versiones simb�licas de su madre, llega a vislumbrar las borrosas circunstancias que rodearon su nacimiento al mismo tiempo que descubre la historia secreta de Comala que le ofrece la imagen de una comunidad intimamente conectada por lazos secretos de connotaciones incestuosas.

Este estudio enfocar� principalmente la primera parte de la novela que corresponde al relato que hace Juan Preciado de su llegada y su enfrentamiento con la realidad o irrealidad de los habitantes del pueblo. Nos percatamos en la segunda parte de que casi todos est�n muertos-incluso el narrador-mientras en la primera parte, la narration parece verosimil y esta anclada en la realidad. El lector se identifica con los primeros pasos del narrador y comparte sus sorpresas y vacilaciones en cuanto a la perception de la realidad circundante (Todorov pr�cisa que aunque la identification del lector con la incertidumbre del personaje suele suceder, esta no r�sulta imprescindible [36-37]). Juan Preciado !leva consigo una fotografia de su madr� llena de agujeros que le impide tener una vision clara de ella. Al adentrarse en el pueblo y a medida que descubre datos acerca de la vida anterior de su madr� es como si tratara de recuperar el n�gative de la foto al mismo tiempo que se llenan estos espacios vacios que sugieren la entrada a lo fant�stico que representan el lado oculto de la realidad percibida. La foto que Juan Preciado trae consigo es un elemento concreto que reafirma su condition de ser real que acaba de llegar del pueblo donde vivia con su madre y que cumple no obstante la funcion fant�stica de unificar el espacio y el tiempo. Aunque el retrato sea tan solo una copia, un simulacro de la realidad, no deja de tener un referente que alguna vez existio cuando se impresiono la placa fotogr�fica. Por eso, da una impresion de verosimilitud porque el sustituto de la muerta se concreta en una imagen del pasado que el hijo lleva ahora cerca de su corazon, tray�ndola al presente.

Hay dos elementos sensoriales que acompanan a Juan Preciado: el recuerdo visual (incomplete) de la fotografia y el recuerdo auditive (fragmentado) del pasado de Comala que le aporta la voz de su madr�. El hijo se enfrenta con las aporias y las lagunas del discurso materne que se acentuan porque su propia memoria selectiva se sobrepone a les recuerdos que le fueron transmitidos. Asimismo, se establece un contrapunto entre las im�genes idilicas sugeridas por Dolores y la desolation que Juan descubre a medida que recorre el pueblo. Estas ambigiiedades se multiplican a manera de espacios vacios de significado que impiden la interpretation objetiva. Bas�ndose en los escritos de Freud, Rosemary Jackson postula que lo fant�stico reside en esta zona oscura del deseo reprimido que llama el area paraxial, y que se situa de manera intersticial en referencia al axis de lo real (65-66). De hecho, lo fant�stico representa una reflexion invertida de lo real como si proyectara a trav�s de un lente un espacio de otredad que no deja de estar relacionado con la realidad. Este espacio corresponderia a los huecos de la fotografia que est�n vinculados a lo real sin revelarlo totalmente ni tampoco desvincularse de �l. Por consiguiente, no solo Juan Preciado esta en busca de lo que queda escondido de manera invertida en el negativo que le �lude, sino que la foto misma que contempla tiene vacuos,4 que le permiten ver "a trav�s" de la superficie, especialmente en el dominio afectivo:

Senti el retrato de mi madr� guardado en la boisa de la camisa, calenlandome el corazon, como si ella tambi�n sudara. Era un retrato viejo, carcomido en los bordes; pero fue el unico que conoci de ella [...] Mi madr� siempre fue enemiga de retratarse. Decia que los retratos eran cosa de brujeria. Y asi parecia ser; porque el suyo estaba lleno de agujeros como de aguja, y en direction del corazon t�nia uno muy grande donde bien podia caber el dedo del corazon. (66-67, �nfasis mio)

Es significative que la palabra "corazon" se repitiera tr�s veces al referirse a la foto. Primero se menciona el corazon de Juan Preciado, luego el de la foto y por ultimo mediante la ambigua met�fora t�ctil y sensual sugerida por el "dedo del corazon"(67). De hecho, esta representaci�n de la madr� esta vinculada a las emociones conscientes ? inconscientes de Dolores como a las de su hijo que se entrelazan mediante la presencia concreta de su imagen contra su pecho. Juan Preciado esta prestando vida a esta foto que le trae cl calor del cuerpo sudoroso de la madr� ausente. La alusion a la brujeria podria remitir a creencias populares que comparten el hijo y Ia madr�, pero los intersticios creados en la imagen limitan el entendimiento de Juan Preciado que no logra tener una vision compl�ta de su madr�. Para interpretar el mensaje visual de la imagen fotogr�fica y la trascendencia de estos intersticios, cabe detenerse en las propuestas de Barthes al respecte. En su ensayo, La chambre claire (1980) ? c�mara lucida, el critico francos distingue la naturaleza dial�ctica de la fotografia que esta al mismo tiempo cargada como desprovista de un sistema de c�digos; es decir, cada fotografia poseeria una indole hist�rico-cultural, el "studium," al lado del cual existe tambi�n de manera subyacente el "punctum," que seria este detalle o cualidad que atrae y agarra de manera subjetiva al espectador, permiti�ndole acceder a la esencia de dicha fotografla (48-49, 84).5 Barthes, quien desarrollo su an�lisis a raiz de las emociones que le procuraban las fotograf�as de su madre fallecida, asocia elpunctum a una flecha que punza la mirada del observador como una herida, asemejando estos espacios metaforicos a un "pinchazo, agujerito, pequena mancha, pequeno corte" (49). Estas observaciones se aplican a los agujeritos del retrato de Dolores Preciado (otra madre fallecida), cuyo mensaje oculto se extiende hasta llegar a emblematizar la dimension del espacio paraxial o zona oscura que encubre los deseos reprimidos.

Aparte de sentir la tibieza de la imagen de su madre, Juan oye su voz a modo de interpolaciones en bastardillas que lo guia como si �l viera Comala a trav�s de sus ojos y viceversa, de modo que el ofdo, el tacto y la vista del hijo est�n llenos de su recuerdo. Al recorrer el pueblo se enfrentar� con el pasado/origen de ambos y tratar� de intuir los datos escondidos que le ser�n revelado de manera fragmentada a medida que ira recuperando los pormenores de la vida materna. Esta reconstruccion se har� mediante personajes cuya realidad oscila en la mente de Juan Preciado entre la de personajes reaies o de espectros, representando figurativamente el lado irreal de si mismos, como una s�rie de fotos concretas yuxtapuestas con su negative. Lo insolito y sobrenatural acechan de manera ambigua a Juan Preciado que no esta siempre seguro de sus percepciones. De hecho, experimenta la vacilacion propia de lo fant�stico senalada por Todorov como si pudiera a lo largo de su viaje empezar a vislumbrar la realidad materna detr�s/debajo de la superficie de su reflejo pictorico y descubrir otra realidad a trav�s de la version de los hechos que ella le habia propiciado.

Asimismo, Todorov desarrolla la importancia de la vision ambigua en el tratamiento del motive repetido del doble y del inceste en su an�lisis del g�nero, temas claves en mi relectura de la novela, particularmente en la narration de Juan Preciado y que le abrir�n ventanas al acercamiento a su identidad. Varias modalidades de desdoblamiento se perciben ya que Pedro P�ramo y su hijo adoptado Miguel, tienen un num�ro ilimitado de hijos naturales, hecho que le quita la individualidad a Juan que entra en un pueblo potencialmente lleno de medio hermanos y parientes desconocidos. Al llegar a Comala, Juan Preciado topa con Abundio, otro hijo natural de Pedro P�ramo que aparece como el doble del viajero y que conoce el camino igual que �l lo habria conocido de haber vivido alii. Dice el narrador "los dos ibamos tan pegados que casi nos toc�bamos los nombres," y esa sincronia coincide con el hecho fant�stico de que ninguno reacciona ante la revelation de ser hermanos como si fueran reflejos el uno del otro (65). Luego Juan Preciado se encuentra con cuatro figuras femeninas reminiscentes de la imagen materna y que funcionan como dobles de Dolores: Eduviges, la amiga de su madr� que casi fue su propia madre, Damiana Cisneros que Io cri� de nino, la hermana incestuosa de Donis que repr�senta una figura materna en potencia con la cual se acuesta y Dorotea que Io entierra y acompana en la sepultura. A trav�s de la interaction con estas versiones duplicadas y multiplicadas de maternidad frustrada, el narrador se adentrar� en el universe fant�stico que le permitir� vislumbrar su propia interioridad.

El contacte con estos remedos femeninos le posibilita a Juan Henar de significado las sombras del retrato materno. La primera mujer, dona Eduviges Dyada le confiesa haber sustituido a Dolores Preciado durante su noche de bodas, actuando literalmente como el doble de su madr� y adentr�ndolo de pleno a Juan en el mundo espacio-temporal relacionado con los huecos de la fbtografia materna. Antes de oir sus revelaciones, Juan Preciado estaba ya predispuesto a entrar en un mundo desprovisto de limites que anticipa la irrupcion de Io fant�stico. En efecto, oye la voz de su madr� con mas claridad: "Alla me oir� mejor. Estar� mas cerca de ti;" enseguida, piensa: "Mi madr� [...] la viva" y "senti que el pueblo vivia" mientras se esfuma en su mente la barrera entre la vida y la muerte; y ello ocurre precisamente al buscar a Eduviges como se Io aconsejo Abundio a pesar de presumirla muerta (69). Cuando Eduviges le r�v�la que habria podido ser su madr�, es como si esta voz se sobrepusiera a la de su madr�, sumi�ndolo en una gran confusion. Es mas, Eduviges pr�tende haber sido avisada por Dolores de la llegada de su hijo sin siquiera saber que esta habia fallecido. Juan Preciado se pregunta si "aquella mujer estaba loca. Luego ya no crei nada. Me senti en un mundo lejano y me dej� arrastrar. Mi cuerpo, que parecia aflojarse, se doblaba ante todo, habia soltado sus amarras," y esta vacilacion Io transforma, adentr�ndolo de piano en el universe fant�stico (72). Las revelaciones de Eduviges Io remiten al momenta de su concepcion con el "estuve a punto de ser tu madr�" y le permiten vislumbrar la medida de las supersticiones de Dolores que no quiso acostarse con su esposo por sugerencia de un curandero local (77-79).

Todo pasa como si Juan Preciado, en un movimiento hacia atr�s, afiorara el espacio de las aspiraciones s�cr�tas de su madr�, en un viaje a la semilla imaginario que remite al deseo inconsciente de cada individuo de volver, de acuerdo con Lacan, al estado id�al (e imposible) en el cual se presenciara el momenta de su concepcion para vislumbrar el deseo de la pareja que le dio vida (Zizek 172). Eduviges acepta reemplazar a Dolores porque cumplia asi su propia fantasia ya que le "gustaba Pedro P�ramo" (79). Sin embargo, aunque pr�tende no haber tenido relaciones con �l, echa dudas el dia siguiente sobre Io que acontecio realmente en la cama cuando Dolores le pregunta:

-�Qu� te hizo?

-Todavia no Io se-le contest�.

Al ano siguiente naciste tu; pero no de mi, aunque estuvo un pelo de que asi fuera.

Quiz�s tu madr� no te conta esto por vergu'enza"' (80 �nfasis mio).

De esta forma, contradice su afirmacion anterior a Juan, implicando una consumacion carnal y un embarazo en potencia. Eduviges le confia asimismo que Inocencio Osorio, el soplador de suenos solia acercarse a las mujeres y explotar su fe en sus poderes para despertar su erotismo con sus caricias mientras se "quedaba en cueros porque decia que �se era nuestro deseo" (79). No obstante de donde origine el deseo, Juan Preciado descubre que la involucracion sexual con el curandero era un rito aceptado por las mujeres para descargarse de sus anhelos inconscientes ? reprimidos (ello es un eco primitive de la funcion del psicologo del fin de si�cle victoriano con las mujeres hist�ricas a las cuales se solia aliviar con aparatos vibradores). Por consiguiente, Osorio pudo haber engendrado a varios hijos naturales desconocidos y Juan Preciado podria haber sido concebido por el brujo adivino con la misma facilidad que Eduviges hubiera podido ser su madr�. La carga �norme de ambig�'edad que conlleva los pormenores de la noche de bodas de los prog�nitures de Juan Preciado Io conduce a dudar de su propio origen. Se perfila una s�rie de desdoblamientos con este intercambio de papeles cuyas ambigu'edades dilatan el espacio paraxial donde reside Io fant�stico que impide el acercamiento a una realidad objetiva. Asimismo, se piensa en los agujeros reaies como figurados de la fotografia de Dolores y salta a la vista que pudo haber sido la aguja del brujo-soplador de suenos que hubiera hecho estos huecos, mas especialmente el del corazon, ya que Osorio se "metia en las piernas de una, en frio [...] picaba por tantos lados que con alguno t�nia que dar" (79; en su detallado an�lisis de las ambigiiedades en Pedro Paramo, D. David Tolladay consid�ra que este encuentro con Osorio se presta a varias interpretaciones acerca del origen de Juan Preciado [24]). El sentimiento de pertenecer a una comunidad carente de genealogia definida que podria llevar al incesto sin que los habitantes se dieran cuenta de su parentesco es acentuado por el hecho que Eduviges "les dio un hijo, a todos" a pesar de que nadie quiso reconocerlo como suyo (92). Estas observaciones se prestan a una interpretacion alegorica de Io fant�stico a la luz de las teorias de Jackson. La critica va un paso mas alla que Todorov en el tratamiento de los "temas del deseo" y del "discurso" (que Todorov denomina temas "del yo" y "del tu"), proponiendo una hermen�utica psicoanalitica en que el fant�stico literario cr�a una zona de emergencia para el lenguaje del deseo que fuera, segun Lacan, anterior a la socializacion e inh�rente al dualisme que corresponde con la formacion del individuo (89-90).

El segundo acercamiento que ayuda a Juan a reconstruir el pasado de sus prog�nitures esta relacionado con la evocacion del deseo secreto de Dainiana Cisneros, la fie! sirvienta de la M�dia Luna que Io crio desde nino. La manera en que aparece y desaparece Damiana es fant�stica porque Juan esta en este momento en un estado de duermevela. Cuando Eduviges Io d�j� solo, Juan todavia trata de cr�er en la realidad que Io rodea ya que esta mujer le habia ofrecido comida y dejado una l�mpara encendida. Oye entre suenos un grito que Io atemoriza mientras Damiana invade su estado onirico y Io invita a seguirlo. Juan supone que su madr� le hablara de esta sirvienta pero nunca de Eduviges, porque "solo [le] contaba cosas buenas," aludi�ndose as! a Io que Dolores r�v�l� ? escondio (77). De la misma manera que Eduviges le afirma que Abundio habia muerto, Damiana le acierta que Eduviges murio, mcrementando la confusion del reci�n llegado que tiene la seguridad de haberlos encontrado. Damiana d�clara que estuvo tambi�n pr�sente el dia de su nacimiento, tal vez como partera, porque le dice "Te conozco desde que abriste los ojos, " y mas tarde, admitir� que ansiaba acostarse con Pedro P�ramo-aunque en este momento, Juan Preciado no Io sepa, tan solo Io escuchar� despu�s de muerto (95). Por ende, es plausible que Damiana anorara esta maternidad y la convivencia con el hombre que deseaba mientras vivia en la hacienda, por eso, repr�senta otro doble de Dolores, ya que estuvo relacionada, sino involucrada, con su esposo y su hijo. Damiana se esfuma a modo de los ecos que ella descubria en el pueblo como si fuera no solo el eco de Eduviges y de Dolores, sino el reflejo de una parte de su ninez que se aleja, dejando al visitante en un estado de estupor porque se da cuenta de haber encontrado a un fantasma. Si se acepta la vision de Damiana que las hojas son pruebas de que los �rboles existieran, su aparicion funciona como un eco que evoca la vida en la M�dia Luna, yuxtaponiendo este pasado al pr�sente de manera fant�stica. La M�dia Luna tambi�n sugiere la escisi�n entre los dos lados de la realidad, entre la visible luminosa y la oscura escondida como la foto y su n�gative, cada cual separada y colindante con ambas representaciones. La evocacion del lugar en el cual se cri� como espacio limitrofe es emblem�tica de la imposibilidad de conocer la realidad compl�ta y de la permanencia en la m�dia luna de una zona oculta y misteriosa que �lude el conocimiento como tambi�n de un tiempo congelado en la mitad del ciclo lunar.

Pero la mayor vacilacion entre la realidad y Io sobrenatural acontece al encontrarse Juan Preciado con la hermana-mujer de Donis, porque el narrador exp�rimenta el momento clim�tico de tension que precede su muerte. Adem�s, ya que Io fant�stico irrumpe en relaci�n con Io real, es importante pr�cisai' que en este fragmente, todo indica que los dos hermanos est�n vivos al igual que Juan Preciado. En efecto, ya que empieza a dudar de la existencia de los personajes que encuentra, Juan quiere asegurarse de que est�n vivos y ambos se sorprenden por su pregunta que les parece absurda:

"�No est�n ustedes muertos?-les pregunt�. Y la mujer sonrio. El hombre me mir� seriamente.

-Esta borracho-dijo el hombre.

-Solamente esta asustado-dijo la mujer". (109)

Juan Preciado empieza a distinguir una diferencia en la resonancia de sus palabras "porque las palabras que habia oido hasta entonces, hasta entonces Io supe, no tenian ningun sonido, no sonaban; se sentian; pero sin sonido, como las que se oyen durante los suenos" (110). Otras pruebas de la realidad del pasaje son que la hermana de Donis le ofrece "agua de azahar" y comida y es el unico momento en que Juan b�b� y corne: "Junto a mi, un jarro de caf�. Intent� beber aquello. Le di unos sorbos" y en la cocina "encontre un trozo de cecina y encima de las brasas unas tortillas" (112, 116, 118). Adem�s, la mujer le dira luego con insistencia: "/,Digame si Filomeno no vive, si Dorotea, si Melquiades, si Prudencio el viejo, si Sostenes y todos �sos no viven?" (114). Todo Io cual cr�a verosimilitud e indica que el pueblo esta poblado por vivos y muertos, cre�ndose asi las condiciones propicias para intensificar la incertidumbre ligada a la entrada al espacio fant�stico. Cabe senalar que no solo Damiana aparece a Juan Preciado cuando este apenas se esta despert�ndo de una pesadilla, sino que Juan duerme y suena varias veces durante su estancia en la choza de los hermanos, tin�ndose as! sus percepciones de onirismo.

La asociacion entre la figura de la hermana-mujer y la madr� de Juan Preciado se hace desde el principle de este encuentro con la pareja de manera significativa porque es mediante esta mujer que se lograr� la union inconscientemente deseada con la madr�. En efecto, guiado en este momento por la voz materna que le trae una vision idealizada de Comala, Juan ve "el eco de [un]as sombras" y piensa: "Senti alla arriba como la huella por donde habia venido, como una herida abierta entre la negrura de los cerros" (109). Esta impresion visual diferida simboliza la transgresion de la pareja incestuosa que le alberga y que r�sulta ser la materializacion de las sombras. Se sorprende de verlos desnudos y se entera de que son hermanos que comparten una convivencia carnal. Varies criticos, entre otros Emilio Alvarez, los asemejan a nuestros primeros padres mientras Espinosa-J�come los consid�ra como la proyeccion de los padres de Juan Preciado (137). Sin embargo, es tan solo el poderoso apego de Juan Preciado a su madr� que permite su mayor identificaci�n con la figura de la hermana. Se percibe una difuminacion de los limites en la naturaleza simb�lica de la hermana-mujer de Donis que ansiaba "poblar" como la pareja ed�nica (114). La hermana expresa su deseo frustrado de maternidad e imagina tener la piel manchada por la culpa:-/,No me ve el pecado? �No ve estas manchas moradas como de jiote que me llenan de arriba abajo? Y eso es solo por fuera; por dentro estoy hecha un mar de lodo" (113). Su ansia por tener un hijo la convierte en una imagen materna no obstante su edad desconocida. Seduce a Juan Preciado y Io invita a compartir su cama:

-Donis no volver�. Se Io not� en los ojos. Estaba esperando a que alguien viniera para irse. Ahora tu te encargar�s de cuidarme./,O que no quieres cuidarme? Vente a dormir aqui conmigo.

-Aqui estoy bien.

-Es mejor que te subas a la cama. AHi te comer�n las turicatas.

Entonces fui y me acost� con ella. (119)

La confirmacion ? no de una relaci�n carnal no impide las connotaciones incestuosas de la escena. R�sulta trascendente que justo antes de compartir el lecho de la hermana Juan se comunique directamente con su madr� en e! unico di�logo que aparece en el texto sin comillas ni en bastardilla:

-�No me oyes?-pregunt� en voz baja.

Y su voz me respondio: -^Donde estas?

-Estoy aqui en tu pueblo. Junto a tu gente. ^No me ves?

-No, hijo, no te veo" (119).

Ello indica que Juan quisiera asegurarse de que ella no viera su deseo incipiente a punto de consumarse (y que remite al deseo inconsciente de revivir el instante de su propia concepcion). No solo la foto de la madr� le calienta el pecho como una caricia ? un abrazo, pero al hablarle en este momento, la trae aun mas cerca hasta fusionarse con la hermana que se convierte en otro doble de Dolores. Las manchas del pecado en la piel de la hermana coinciden con los huccos/picaduras de la foto que le manchan la cara tambi�n a la madr� como si ambas caras estuvieran yuxtapuestas. Asimismo se afianza el simbolismo maternai porque a pesar de la carga de ambigiiedad de las relaciones edipicas, la hermana satisface su hambre y Io invita a compartir el calor de su cama, cobij�ndolo como Io liaria una madr�. Todos los sentidos de Juan est�n involucrados con el recuerdo de su madr�: apart� de la vista y del tacto, el oido y la mente, se anaden ahora el sustento y la union corporal.

La relacion incestuosa que une Juan Preciado a la hermana-mujer senala la irrupcion de Io fant�stico con el horror de la transgresion unido a las modalidades de desdoblamiento. Es obvio que se puede trazar un paralelo entre el hecho de que Donis abandona a su hermana-esposa y que Pedro P�ramo abandono a Dolores, aunque esta fuera la que saliera de casa. Se evoca la soledad de dos seres abandonados y Juan Preciado suple el lugar dejado por el esposo-padrc en potencia como si llenara el vacio dejado por su propio progenitor, convirti�ndose en su doble. Al despertarse, cumplido el interdicto del Edipo, este se imagina, sugestionado probablemente por las palabras de la hermana que "El cuerpo de aquella mujer hecho de tierra, envuelto en costras de tierra, se desbarataba como si estuviera derriti�ndose en un charco de lodo. Yo me sentia nadar en el sudor que chorreaba de ella y me falto el aire que se necesitaba para respirar"(119). En esta instancia, el sudor que Io ahoga trae a la mente el "sudor" que Juan Preciado sentia en el retrato en su bolsillo-"como si ella tambi�n sudara"-y que ahora percibe de forma exacerbada (66). Su primera impresion de la hermana se percibio como "una herida abierta," imagen que apunta a una escritura en el cuerpo, corporizando la imagen de la sombra vislumbrada (109). De igual modo el hueco en el corazon del retrato materno que repr�senta el punctum, ? herida bartiana, contribuye a corporizar la reproduccion fotogr�fica de la madr� (La chambre 49). Ambas imagen�s se sobreponen en la mente de Juan, intensificando su reaccion intensa al consumar el acto carnal, Io cual puede revelar un hecho fant�stico ? una vision pesadillesca que expresa su estado de �nimo. Sale de alli y se muere ahogado al perder su propio aliento, acto que �quivale a una castracion causada por la culpa y el horror del incesto, corroborando la entrada de Io fant�stico. Adem�s, si se tratara de haberse acostado con una mujer simbolizando la madre-tierra, ? con una muerta fantasmai, cabria recordar que el cadaver de su madr� esta enterrado, ? sea que el incesto se incrementa doblemente de necrofilia convirtiendo esta union en sepultura emblem�tica. Por otra parte, Espinosa-J�come ha delineado coincidencias asombrosas entre este encuentro con la hermana-mujer de Donis y el cuento de Edgar Poe, "El aliento perdido," respecte a los temas del doble, del incesto, de la necrofilia y de la muerte por p�rdida del aliento, todos temas relacionados con el fant�stico de acuerdo con Todorov, y taies semejanzas confirman la indole fant�stica de este episodic (133-34). Cabe precisar tambi�n que el hecho que Juan se muera de terror es de por si un elemento fant�stico.

Despu�s de la uni�n transgresora con la figura materna que provoc� su muerte, Juan Preciado encontrar� la paz en la sepultura como si fuera una vuelta al utero y experimentar� otro tipo de union desprovista de culpa con otra figura femenina que simboliza la maternidad frustrada. En efecto, una vez muerto, Juan Preciado es sepultado por Donis y Dorotea, la alcahueta (otro ser vivo, segun la hermana). Dorotea lo alcanza en la fosa y Juan le narra su historia que nos devuelve al principio de la novela. Se inicia un di�logo entre ambos mientras se escuchan las voces de los demis muertos yuxtapuestas con la voz omnisciente que retraza la vida de Pedro P�ramo. Es ironico que Juan mencionara el retrato de su madre en el presente: "es el mismo que traigo aqui pensando que podria dar buen resultado para que mi padre me reconociera" (67 �nfasis mio). Esta frase es ambigua porque no forma parte de su conversacion con el arriero Abundio, su medio hermano y es la unica seccion de su narracion relatada en el presente. El uso de "traigo" indica que la madre est� pegada al corazon de su hijo sepultado, pero tambi�n podr�a sugerir que Juan todavia espera un encuentro con el padre mas alla de la muerte en el cual le sirvan estas senas de identidad. Juan recuerda la voz de Dolores en una ultima interpolacion a modo de despedida: "Sentir�s que alli uno quisiera vivir para la eternidad," y es precisamente donde Juan experimentar� el eterno presente de los seres fantasmales de Comala (121). Es obvio que esta cumpliendo el viaje de retorno ansiado por su madre "que ni siquiera pudo venir a morir aqui. Por eso me mando a mi en su lugar," y a quien escucha mientras est� enterrado (128). Ahora esta con Dorotea que representa el ansia hecha realidad de una maternidad inconclusa. La alcahueta quedo obsesionada con el deseo de tener un hijo y solia arrullar a un muneco de trapos hasta tener un par de suenos (el "bendito" y el "maldito") que le confirman su esterilidad (123-24). Juan expresa su duda acerca de su origen y la recuperacion del paraiso que le pintara Dolores: "Vine a buscar a Pedro P�ramo, que segun parece fue mi padre. Me trajo la ilusion;" y le contesta Dorotea: "�La ilusion? Esto cuesta caro. A mi me costo vivir mas de lo debido. Pagu� con eso la deuda de encontrar a mi hijo, que no fue, por decirlo asi, sino una ilusion mas; porque nunca tuve ningun hijo" (123). Los suenos frustrados de ambos se complementer! y Juan, a manera de reci�n nacido, abraza a Dorotea sin deseo sexual ni culpa alguna, reconciliado con sus sentimientos hacia la figura materna (y la falta de reconocimiento paterno). Hasta en la muerte, Dorotea no est� cumpliendo el papel de madre y tiene que aceptar una inversion de papeles: "cupe muy bien en el hueco de tus brazos. Aqui en este rinc�n donde me tienes ahora. Solo se me ocurre que deberia ser yo la que te tuviera abrazado a ti" (124). Juan deviene el protector-hijo pero esposo plat�nico-que abraza al sustituto materno en la oscuridad de la fosa en la cual sus sombras se confunden en el espacio paraxial que ha recuperado. En este momento, Juan experimenta la vision interior y la union mas intima con la imagen materna mientras est� cobijado bajo tierra, entreg�ndose al anhelo inconsciente que corresponde a la propuesta lacaniana de volver al instante de su propia concepcion y presenciar el deseo de sus progenitores (Zizek 172). Asimismo se intuye que se acercara entonces Juan Preciado a un conocimiento "imaginario" e imposible a la vez de su propio origen que corresponde a descifrar el significado elusivo de los agujeros de la fotografia materna.

Por otra parte, Jackson postula que el universe fant�stico aspira a la entropia,6 o sea, al caos, al desorden, al grado cero de la materia indiferenciada que se asemeja a la pulsi�n de muerte freudiana asociada a la b�squeda infructuosa y diferida del placer; se crea as� una zona de emergencia dentro del espacio literario que se abre a la expresi�n del deseo inconsciente y se subvierte el orden cultural mientras se disuelven las identidades lim�trofes (73). Tal pulsi�n generadora de ambig�edad se comprueba en Pedro P�ramo ya que se difuminan los limites entre lo real y lo sobrenatural, los vivos y los muertos tanto como entre los g�neros a medida que Juan Preciado se encuentra con las dos mujeres que se desvanecen, la hermana-esposa que carece de identidad social sin siquiera tener nombre, y por fin, la alcahueta cuyos suenos apuntan a una infertilidad que la convierte en ser androgino, a quien no le importa llevar ambos nombres: Doroteo/Dorotea. De hecho, se esfuman las barreras entre rnundos e identidades y se desdoblan e invierten los papeles entre estos seres, ya sea vivos o muertos, para quienes el mas alla no es un final sino una angustia continua que consiste en rememorar y aprehender sus deseos reprimidos. La choza en que Juan Preciado se acosto con la hermana se convierte en la fosa figurada y ahora esta en la fosa real con Dorotea, una mujer en busca de un hijo ilusorio que funciona como el cuarto doble de Dolores. Este abrazo f�nebre que los une eterniza el enlace incestuoso que Juan habia consumado con la hermana de Donis y simboliza ahora una vuelta al utero en la fosa oscura. Los dos comparten para siempre el mismo espacio con ansias e ilusiones perdidas y complementarias. Se evoca la sepultura de Dolores en un doble retorno y este ultimo abrazo con Dorotea se hace sin equivocos, despu�s de la muerte y de haber experimentado y sufrido las consecuencias de una union vedada, sublim�ndose asi la relacion final. Por consiguiente, cada una de las cuatro figuras femeninas que Juan encuentra es una version o una proyecci�n de la figura materna que lo ayuda a Juan a conocerla a modo de ecos de su propia vida e interioridad pero tambi�n que obligan a Juan a enfrentarse con sus pulsiones inconscientes.

El entierro de Juan le permite unirse vicariamente con su madre fallecida mediante su cuarto doble y permitirle descansar de manera figurada en su pueblo. Sin embargo, el espacio de la fosa comunica de modo fant�stico con otros espacios ontologicos como el mundo conjurado por la voz de Susana San Juan, la segunda mujer de Pedro P�ramo, cuya figura Juan recupera al oir las confidencias de Dorotea y de las voces de ultra tumba. Susana San Juan es el quinto doble de Dolores porque ocupa su lugar como esposa (ilegitima) del cacique. Ella se mantiene alejada de �l f�sica y mentalmente mediante su locura que le permite habitar "otro mundo" fant�stico a modo de evasi�n. Susana nunca comparti� la cama de Pedro P�ramo ni le dio hijos y por eso, Juan Preciado se entera de que nunca hubo verdadera sustituta a su madre que esta asi reivindicada. Se destila una paz mientras se van llenando de significado los huecos de la fotografia materna y se colman las "heridas" del punctum ya que yacen finalmente reunidos el hijo con el doble materno mientras se ha comprobado que Dolores Preciado no ha podido ser reemplazada satisfactoriamente por otra mujer al lado de Pedro P�ramo. Es altamente significative que Juan llevara el apellido materno y no el paterno, que le corresponderia legalmente, porque todo indica que este retorno a Comala ha acrecentado la ambig�edad acerca de su conception mientras la respuesta a esta incognita reside en las sombras del retrato. La busqueda de la paternidad se refleja en todos los hijos ilegitimos de Pedro y de Miguel P�ramo que siguc los pasos de su padre gracias a la ayuda celestinesca de Dorotea. La arbitrariedad con la cual el cacique adopta a Miguel P�ramo (un hijo natural), sin recordar siquiera a su madre fallecida, ilustra los abusos del poder absolute. Juan Preciado se ve desdoblado/desdibujado (des-Preciado) por los numerosos v�stagos ileg�timos de su supuesto padre tanto como en los varios hijos en potencia del soplador de suenos que podria haberlo engendrado. A los dobles maternos y sus propios reflejos-o ecos de si mismo, se anade el tema del incesto que contribuye a plantear aun mas incognitas acerca de la identidad y de la paternidad. Una legi�n de posibilidades permanecen latentes, oscuras como las manchas de la foto de Dolores, cuyo nombre es emblem�tico de sus penas. Asimismo, dichos espacios vacios relacionados con lo fantastico se llenan no s�lo de significados epistemologicos sino de espacios ontologicos como los creados por la evocaci�n de trozos de vida de su madre que permanecen inconclusos o indeterminados. Se plantea asi un comentario existencial acerca de la identidad/origen de Juan Preciado que reverbera en todos los habitantes de Comala que se encuentran unidos por hilos invisibles.

El lector se percata a medida que se adentra en el texto, de la multiplicidad simult�nea y caotica de mundos creados por las voces de las aimas en pena con la de un narrador omnisciente que narra desde varias perspectivas lo relative a un Comala real. De hecho, por la falta de transiciones debida al collage de los varios fragmentos, se crean varios espacios intertextuales entre estos mundos paralelos que se rozan y se prestan a la irrupcion de lo fant�stico porque tal yuxtaposicion aumenta la vacilacion del lector entre lo real y lo irreal. Dichos espacios ofrecen una inversion paraxial de cada punto de vista como si fueran una extension de los agujeros del retrato de Dolores correspondientes a la zona de otredad interpretativa. Al enterarse de que Juan ha estado narrando desde su tumba, su experiencia puede leerse como un recuento maravilloso o sobrenatural sucedido en el mundo real como se puede dudar de su testimonio que no fuera fidedigno. Pero durante toda la primera parte, el lector confia en su percepcion y sigue paso a paso su aventura y vacilaciones en Comala. Aunque lo narrado por Juan fuera real o imaginado, no deja de constituir un mundo "posible" de acuerdo con Umberto Eco, por ser un universe ontologico con sus propias reglas que se puede contrastar con el mundo mas "real" que emerge de la voz narrativa en tercera persona con matices de objetividad (233-34). Este mundo "posible" contrasta tambi�n con el trasfondo historico de la novela con menciones al porfiriato, a la revoluci�n mexicana y a la guerra de los cristeros mientras el transcurso lineal de la historia interfiere con el presente etemo de las voces de ultra tumba en juegos espacio-temporales que contribuyen a crear un desajuste propio de lo fant�stico (Ar�n 31-34). Puesto que Juan Preciado pasa del sueno a la duermevela, el piano onirico se sobrepone a los dem�s mundos ficticios, ya sea reales o sobrenaturales y a las entidades ontologicas producidas por la evocaci�n de los mon�logos interiores, como la vision idealizada de Dolores que acompafia a Juan. Se abre un pasaje a una zona intratextual entre los varios mundos ficcionales, apuntando a que estas aporias o espacios vacios entre fragmentos sean precisamente el locus de lo fant�stico que constantemente ofrece nuevas perspectivas que subvierten las anteriores de modo que el texto se resista a una sola interpretaci�n.

Al concluir la lectura de Pedro P�ramo, el relato lineal del viaje a la semilla carpentierano de Juan Preciado acaba con la recuperaci�n parcial y fragmentada de la imagen materna que le pone en contacte al narrador con su propia interioridad. Sin embargo, su relato parece flotar en medio de las dem�s voces por la falta de un narrador omnisciente que unifique los hilos narratives puesto que el autor abandona los mundos creados de modo inconexo, sugiriendo la ausencia de un Dios que redima estas almas. La imagen final que presenta el texto rulfiano es la de un eterno retorno captado a manera de un retrato figurado est�tico que encubre de manera fant�stica espacios y tiempos yuxtapuestos y evoca a modo de enso�aci�n a la entidad ontol�gica e imaginaria que existiera entre el roce de una foto con su negativo. Aludo a los significados ocultos entre las dos caras de la misma realidad, lo cual hace eco al contrapunto creado por las voces polif�nicas que presentan varias versiones y puntos de vista acerca de los mismos acontecimientos. Juan Rulfo, que era aficionado a retratar la zona rural mexicana, se vale en esta novela de la met�fora fotografica que nos guia de manera concrete a partir de la foto de Dolores Preciado, hasta ofrecernos la imagen global del pueblo, tambi�n agujereada, con todas las heridas del punctum abiertas a la interpretacion de las aporias de este espacio fant�stico. El lector se convierte en espectador conmovido, pero incapaz de definir exactamente lo sugerido por estos huecos que van extendi�ndose en los intersticios intertextuales. De la misma manera que Juan Preciado recobra de manera tentativa los vacuos de la foto materna que funciona como clave unificadora de los elementos fant�sticos y del desdoblamiento, se le van abriendo multiples posibilidades acerca de su origen que lo hacen dudar de la paternidad de Pedro P�ramo y lo obligan a verse reflejado en otros descendientes potenciales que comparten la misma duda existencial. A partir de este acercamiento fragmentado a sus origenes y al autoconocimiento, se puede extrapolar que el texto constituye un comentario existencial sobre la b�squeda continua de la identidad del mexicano.

1 El realismo m�gico en particular tanto como lo real maravilloso americano han sido considerados por varies criticos como variantes de la literature fant�stica por su tendencia desrealizadora que permitio a ciertos autores aprehender de manera tangencial la complejidad de la realidad latinoamericana. La reflexi�n de los estudiosos en torno a dichos g�neros ha generado un cxceso de ambiguedad resultando en una pol�mica que sigue en pie hoy en dia. Se podria afirmar de modo sucinto que la terminologie depende del punto de vista y de t�cnicas literarias si se habla de realismo m�gico o de la incorporacion de lo sobrenatural mediante la "fe" narrativa si se trata de lo real maravilloso carpentieriano (Volek 13). Alicia Llarena ha recorrido la genesis y el desarrollo de la ambiguedad en torno a estos t�rminos en su aplicacion a la literatura latinoamericana y enfoca la tendencia de un sector de la critica de borrar las distinciones criticas entre estas categories, que funcionan entonces como aspectos de la presencia de lo m�gico en la realidad para expresar un mismo proyecto cultural (314).

2 Mientras Llarena analiza en su monografla los aspectos m�gico-realistas de Pedro Paramo, Emil Volek destaca en la novela rasgos que se relacionan con "lo real maravilloso" y el "realismo m�gico" y subraya su indole postmoderna que asemeja el "teatro liberado" absurdista que "potencia, y disimula [...] la salira y las mascaras del Mexico actual (25).

3 De acuerdo con Juan Villoro, "la mitificacion de Rulfo, el entasis en la obra lograda como de milagro, al margen de las arduas preocupaciones t�cnicas del novelista, ha impedido que [...] Pedro Paramo sea entendida como un caso de literatura fant�stica. En esta oficiosa lectura, el autor es separado de sus invenciones [...] Comala y sus muertos se imponen como un triunfo telurico" (79).

4 Por vacuos, me refiero a los espacios vacios representados por los agujeros de la fotografia. Asimismo, estes espacios fisicos corresponderian de modo figurado dentro del texto a las aporias de significado que apuntan a zonas ontologicas que eluden el significado.

5 Luis Andr�s Figueros se ha detenido en el estudio bartiano de! retrato de Dolores sin relacionarlo con Io fant�stico ni tampoco con los dobles de la figura materna. Sus conclusiones corroborai! nuestra propuesta ya que senala el autor que los agujeros de la foto corresponden a una po�tica espacial, extendi�ndose a las dimensiones de las voces y ecos que se descubren a modo de espacios superpuestos que se abren a Io desconocido fantasmai (73).

6 Para ilustrar la tendencia de la literature fant�stica hacia la transgresion y la disoluci�n de los limites, Jackson se vale de la definici�n freudiana de la entropia, que es este estado limitrofe que trasciende la pulsion de muerte y en el cual todas las tensiones se reducen; segun Jackson, en este estado, "movement and stillness, life and death, subject and object, mind and matter, become as one. The impossibilities upon which fantastic narratives are structured [...] can be related to this drive towards a realization of contradictory elements merging together in the desire for indifferentiation" (80).

[Reference]

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[Author Affiliation]

Hedy Habra

Western Michigan University